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Adult ADHD and Comorbid Disorders Many adults with ADHD also have comorbid disorders, such as major depression (Kessler and colleagues 2006). Many sufferers do not respond to medication for depression and may benefit from psychotherapy. The most effective medications to treat the symptoms of ADHD seem to boost and balance levels of specific neurotransmitters, which are brain chemicals. The stimulants methylphenidate and amphetamine are frequently prescribed. Medications Adults are able to take many different drugs that are prescribed for ADHD in children. However, the dosages are different and the medications can cause adverse effects that aren't common in children. The doctor will look at the medical history, the family health history, and other conditions of an individual to determine which medicine is most appropriate for the patient. The most common ADHD medication is a stimulant. It works by altering the levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in the brain. Stimulants such as methylphenidate or dextro-amphe (commonly known as Adderall) boost the supply of these neurotransmitters, which help improve focus and reduce impulsivity and aggression. They come in various forms like chewable tablets, liquids, and skin patches. Long-acting versions of these stimulants are preferable because they lead to greater patient compliance and a longer lasting and smoother improvement in symptoms. click this over here now is important to keep in mind that comorbidities like anxiety and depression can alter the effectiveness of ADHD medications. It is therefore recommended that these psychiatric problems be treated first before medication be used as a second measure. The medications that are used to treat comorbid mood disorders include bupropion, atomoxetine and tricyclic antidepressants (Wilens 2004). Some patients may experience a “rebound” effect, where they experience worsening of ADHD symptoms after stopping stimulant medications. In these cases, a short-term trial of the use of a low dose stimulant medication could prove beneficial. Some people are unable to tolerate stimulant medicines or are in a position to not take them due to abuse of drugs or other health issues, such as severe heart problems or hypertension. In these cases, non-stimulant medications such as atomoxetine and viloxazine can be effective. These drugs do not have the same high rates of adverse effects as stimulants and have lower risks of abuse and diversion. Psychotherapy People with ADHD may benefit from psychotherapy (talk therapy). It can help people with ADHD to improve their lives, deal with anxiety and stress, resolve conflicts, or deal with issues at work or in relationships. It can also assist with co-existing mental disorders such as depression and addiction disorders. Talk therapies include cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and mind-body cognitive therapy and schema therapy. These treatments are based on the notion that thoughts and beliefs influence how a person feels, thinks and acts. CBT assists a person to recognize negative behaviors and thinking patterns, then develops and implements positive strategies to change these patterns. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy utilizes techniques of meditation to teach a person how to concentrate on their emotions and thoughts, manage their impulses and improve their executive functioning. Schema therapy, and other forms of psychotherapy that focus on a person's family history could be beneficial for people with ADHD. Psychotherapy, as well as medication, can assist with specific ADHD issues, like difficulty completing schoolwork or interacting with other people. It can also assist with forgetting important dates and responsibilities, and making decisions that are impulsive and could lead to legal and financial issues. It can assist a person overcome underlying issues such as anxiety and depression that could be contributing to their ADHD symptoms. Psychotherapy can assist a person develop healthy coping strategies and reduce stress, such as exercises, sleep improvement and healthy eating habits. It can also provide assistance to the family member or partner who is dealing with the negative effects ADHD affects their relationship. Marriage and family therapy helps couples and families learn how to communicate better and manage ADHD symptoms together. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy CBT is a type of psychotherapy that focuses on transforming the negative patterns of thinking that clients have. It utilizes skill-based dialogue with an experienced mental health professional (a therapist) to address the underlying causes of their symptoms. The aim of this therapy is to eliminate limitations and implement strategies for coping that are compatible with the daily routine of the client. Therapists who specialize in adult ADHD-CBT teach clients to recognize harmful thinking patterns and assist them to develop skills to replace them with more productive thoughts. This process can take time. It's a possibility for adults who do not receive enough relief from their medication. In a recent RCT that was conducted, it was discovered that cognitive behavioral therapy paired with medication is superior over cognitive behavior therapy by itself when it comes to improving the core symptoms, emotional symptom, self-esteem and social functioning in adults suffering from ADHD (Clarke, et al. 2017). CBT coupled with methylphenidate could be particularly effective for people with more severe underlying issues. The therapists who provide this type of treatment typically work with the client to create an action plan specific to solving their issues. They typically teach them the fundamentals of therapy that are easy to apply and have a high chance of being successful. Typically, a chart system is used to monitor the progress of a child and reward positive behavior. This might include a daily report for a child that outlines the tasks they have to complete in school or the positive behaviors to be exhibited, and an organized system for monitoring and earning rewards. The therapists can also discuss the possibility that negative consequences could be inflicted upon a child who fails to complete their tasks. This can be done in a sensitive and calming manner. Metacognitive Therapy A more recent form of therapy, metacognitive therapy, helps people change the way they think. This kind of therapy can be beneficial for those who suffer from a variety mental health problems like depression. It is a kind of cognitive behavioral therapy that helps people learn to recognize negative thought patterns and their effect on their emotions. This kind of therapy helps them develop mental tools that are adaptable and beneficial. This study aimed to examine the relationship between metacognitive abilities and daily functioning in adults with ADHD. To do this we compared self and informant-rated impairments in daily functioning with predictors of Metacognition (comprehensive knowledge, regulation of Cognition, Debugging, Information Management, and Evaluation). The results showed that comprehensive knowledge was associated with daily functioning among adults suffering from ADHD but not with regulation processes. Metacognition predictors had moderate predictive power which suggests that they could explain an important amount of variance in daily functioning of adults suffering from ADHD. Metacognitive therapy (MCT) is a type of psychotherapy which focuses on changing dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs that perpetuate states of worry, rumination and attention fixation. MCT was created by Adrian Wells based on an information processing model developed by Wells and Gerald Matthews. A case series has proven the effectiveness of MCT in managing illness anxiety disorder, however it's still relatively new and more research is needed to determine its effectiveness for other disorders. This study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of MCT to treat symptoms of anxiety disorder. However it is also able to treat various disorders and is more effective than other therapy. It is important to keep it in mind that this isn't a cure for ADHD but it could be used as an adjunctive therapy. Family Therapy In family therapy, therapists work with all members of the family. Everyone is able to better understand the issues of the client and learn how to help their loved family members. It also assists them in dealing with their frustrations and develop better communication skills. This kind of counseling can also be used to address other comorbidities, such as depression and substance abuse, which are often seen with ADHD. The therapist will start with an intake session to understand the family's perception and determine if they're suitable for family intervention. It can be done online or in person. The counselor will go over the details of the therapy with each individual and set out the rules and guidelines of family therapy. A therapist with worked with adults suffering from ADHD asks a lot questions to get a better understanding of their present symptoms as well as their past and the impact they have on their family, work and relationships. They will also inquire if there are any other mental health issues present like depression or anxiety. Cognitive behavioral therapy is a type of counseling that helps you learn how to manage your behavior and transform negative thinking patterns into positive ones. It focuses on boosting self-esteem and self control by teaching you how to handle stress and anger. This is a short-term solution that can be used alongside other types of psychotherapy. Individual talk therapy helps people with ADHD to overcome the emotional baggage that comes from underachievement and failure. It can also assist them in dealing problems with relationships, job changes, and academic issues. It can help you learn strategies for coping with stress and stress reduction, and how to better manage your financial and time management. It can also address the comorbidity of disorders like depression and anxiety, which are often seen with ADHD.